Social Work Law And Social Policy - 2020 Words

Social work law and social policy The children’s parents both agree that they cannot provide a suitable safe home life for their children. The children are now living with their grandmother and they are happy and thriving. Although there is concern that her health will have an impact on her ability to care for the children long term and the local authority has recommended adoption for the children. However, the grandmother also has two other grown up children, one of whom is an adult. These relatives support the grandmother and have agreed to look after the children in the future if the grandmother can no longer do so. This essay will focus on laws and policies that Provide framework for social work practice and give guidance for good†¦show more content†¦The Act mainly focuses on children’s welfare and keeping families together. The acts main focus is on keeping families together and states removing children from their homes should always be a last resort when support and guidance has failed. In section 1 of the Act there is a welfare checklist which consists of seven principles that courts must give consideration to the wishes and feelings of children, their physical, emotional and learning needs, features which will be applicable to the court’s conclusion, The possible outcome on the child if circumstances changed as a result of the court’s decision, any harm the child has suffered or may be at risk of suffering and the capability of children’s parents (inbrief helping with life’s legal issues, n.d). Under section 17 of The Children Act (1989) it is the local authority’s (LA) duty to safeguard and promote the welfare of children in their area who are in need. The children from the case study are both classed as in need as they were witnesses to unsafe drug abuse and were living in a dirty home (Coram CLC Children’s legal Centre ,2014). Once there is a suitable reason for concern it is the local authority’s duty to investigate the case further under section 47 of The Children Act (1989) the authority shall make enquiries to establish whether they should take any action to safeguard or promote the child’s welfare (Legislation.Gov.uk, 2014). FollowingShow MoreRelatedChanging Laws Policies And Economical Ideologies Impact On Social Work Practice And Service Users4394 Words   |  18 PagesI will be exploring ways in which changing laws, policies and economical ideologies impact on social work practice and service users. The tension this creates between p ublic servants, service users, local authorities and government. I will be focusing on the effectiveness of child protection intervention, safeguarding and assessment between in the UK and comparing it with Sweden. The British Welfare State in 1948 was influenced by a number of policies and serious case reviews. The Beveridge ReportRead MoreLaw Enforcement Research Paper1530 Words   |  7 PagesLaw Enforcement Policies: Then And Now Every community is peculiar, they differ in climate and surroundings. Different communities have different needs that will adapt the policies of different law enforcement agencies, city to city. Policies should also change and go through a transition as the culture, of not only the community but the world, transforms. The policies of an agency should largely be based on the values and ethics of the agency itself, however they should, without changing the foundationRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On Society1350 Words   |  6 PagesExecutive Summary Social media has changed the way organizations collect and distribute information to the public. Likewise, the personal social medias of employees have the power to negatively impact the reputation of the organization to which they are employed. Due to the rising number of employee social media scandals, many organizations have implemented social media policies. In addition, organizations have begun monitoring social media to not only ensure that employees are maintaining professionalRead MoreUsing Material from Item 2b and Elsewhere, Assess Sociological Views of the Impact of Government Policies and Laws on Family Life (24 Marks)1117 Words   |  5 PagesItem 2B Government policies and laws include tax and benefit policies as well as legislation such as that relating to divorce and marriage. Sociologists have different views on the impact of these policies and laws on families. For example, feminists argue that social policies assume that the ideal family is a patriarchal nuclear family, and that government policies and laws therefore favour this sort of family. On the other hand, the New Right argue that the benefit system undermines traditionalRead MoreUtilitarianism And Social Contract Theory1476 Words   |  6 PagesReflection Paper Utilitarianism and Social Contract Theory Part I: Utilitarianism in the Work Place While managing a law firm over the past 13 years one of the most consistent issues to deal with is office attire. We have hired numerous employees ranging from 20-30 years of age whose attire did not project a professional appearance. Some of the employees often wore jeans or shirts that clearly showed their tattoos or were too revealing. Maybe this doesn’t apply for all law firms, but there is a drasticRead MoreThe Child Safety Is Important Essay1366 Words   |  6 PagesShe got an apartment appeared to be on the right track. At first I could not comprehend why she did not deserve to get her children back or why the social worker was apprehensive about it. As I continued to read on I began to understand why. For years she struggled. She had moments were she would get better but then relapse. I understand the Social Workers fear in this situation. Yes child safety is important, but what about Marie. She had so many obstacles against her. She endured her mother’sRead MoreBullying: Policy and Sociological Theory657 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Bullying: Policy and (Sociological) Theory Sociological theories, concepts, and studies provide a greater purpose and function more than just being products of academic and research extension work. Work in policy development is where usually these theories and studies are translated into policy recommendations and if lobbied and defended with strong support from key and influential individuals and groups, could actually lead to legislative action. Indeed, the conversion of theory to policy is a processRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On Society1214 Words   |  5 PagesNowadays people are depending on social media for their daily activities. No matter what the event is social media somehow becomes the topic of discussion. Social media for many businesses can be a great tool, but it’s very important to put some restrictions and procedures in place and be very consistent with enforcement. Most employers and employees are probably not covered by a General Liability policy. The laws that are governing social media con tinue to change rapidly. Employers must speak withRead MoreThe Influence of Ther Catholic Church on Iriish Social Policy1740 Words   |  7 PagesBSW I hereby declare that all the work is my own , when I have referred to the work and ideas of others, I have referenced it accordingly. Aoife Dunne Essay 2013 Title: Discuss the influence of the Catholic Church on Irish Social Policy This essay examines the influence of the Catholic Church on Irish Social Policy. This essay will focus on the Church’s role as a provider of charity. It seeks to address the following questions: How does one define social policy? Why did strong ties exist betweenRead MorePublic Safety Is More Refined, And Strategies Of Communication Essay1513 Words   |  7 PagesToday, public safety is more refined, and strategies of communication are a lot quicker. Law enforcement tools have evolved from posters to police radio, patrol cars and social networks, like Twitter, Facebook and YouTube. Social networking has quickly become a valuable intelligence-gathering tool for law enforcement agencies, also as a supply of proof for defense and prosecution personnel who search Facebook pages, Twitter feeds or YouTube videos seeking to discredit witnesses, establish enforcement

The Implementation Of Technology Into Academic Settings

For the last 20 years, the implementation of technology into academic settings has become omnipresent. The life of a contemporary educator already comes with many new challenges that are constantly evolving, however technology presents more obstacles. Modern educators must implement technology into their instruction that is constantly changing and growing. Therefore, educators must learn and adapt to the new innovation in technology to remain relevant in their positions as instructors. While many educational settings offer training passed off as professional development, prior to top-down decisions of implementation, the teacher’s concerns of these changes are often not addressed. In many cases, teachers are placed in a situation that dictates change, but cannot express properly their concerns. Often the new technological changes are forced upon those who must implement the change. There are feelings of uneasiness, discontent and panic. (Srivastava, 2007) When change occ urs in this manner, there is a possibility that the implementation will not have a chance to succeed. The Concerns Based Adoption Model (CBAM) is a viable component of implementation of technology into academic settings. CBAM derives from a research development at the University of Texas at Austin in the late 1960’s. (Roach, Kratochwill Frank, 2009) In order to address the adoption implementation process of innovations for teacher there are three components: Stages of Concern, Levels of Use (LoU),Show MoreRelatedEssay on Uni University and Its New Erp System674 Words   |  3 Pagesrelationship between technology and organization in the context of knowledge work. Some famous theories, indeed, demonstrate that there are important, complex and reciprocal causal relationship between these two aspects to the extent that different type of technologies can be associated with different form of organizations (Woodward). When you decide to introduce a new technology system in yourRead MoreThe Leading Theories For Development Of Adult Education Programs Essay1362 Words   |  6 PagesAndragogy and TPACK have been the leading theories for development of adult education programs and curricula. This white paper will provide various reasons to support the need for professional training programs to be implemented into educational settings for instructional leaders, coaches and supervisors. As the technological era continues to grow and flourish, instructional leaders are not able to effectively support instructors in implementing the technological, pedagogical, and content knowledgeRead MoreEvidence Based Medicine (EBM) Essay771 Words   |  4 PagesEBM has been thoroughly evolving since its inception into the lexicon of mindset of medicine. It is believed that Evidence based medicine is relatively new to the practice of medicine, the initial exp osure is dated only to the 1970’s, and its implementation to the 1990’s, as far as many researchers can deduce,1 given what the body of research has presented. Given its relative infancy in the overall practice of medicine it has truly become intertwined in the evolution of clinical education and clinicalRead MoreThe Importance Of Student Achievement1667 Words   |  7 Pagesprovided with the opportunity to receive a quality education. The focus on improved student achievement places pressure on educators to research and find ways for students to acquire needed skills to become academically successful in the classroom setting. One of the biggest challenges for educators is to explore ways for the low performing students to meet the established levels of achievement. This process requires a commitment from all the stakeholders in the education process to work togetherRead MoreStudents At Mdihs Are Eligible For A High School Diploma925 Words   |  4 Pagestradition al classroom setting, which is paired with frequent assessment and feedback cycles. Honors and Advanced Placement courses are available in each of the academic disciplines, however, they follow a similar structure and timetable to the regular education courses. Beyond the classroom, MDIHS facilitates students’ internships at the Jackson Laboratory, enrollment in courses through the College of the Atlantic or the University of Augusta, and participation in a variety academic competitions. StudentsRead MoreLearning Plan Essay1727 Words   |  7 Pagesthat prioritizes academic, social, and emotional learning for all students. STEP 3- Develop expertise in academic, social, and emotional learning theory, research, and practice at the central office level. STEP 4- Design and implement effective professional development programs to build internal capacity for developing academic, social, and emotional learning. STEP 5- Align resources to support academic, social, and emotional le arning programming. STEP 6- Communicate about academic, social, and emotionalRead MoreMotivating Student Motivation For Students1620 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween a special education student’s independence level and current grade level, it is difficult for special education students to retain motivation throughout instruction. In efforts to determine how student motivation can be continuous, additional technology support was created to be implemented in an inclusion classroom. The purpose of this action research proposal is to evaluate the effect of an elementary inclusion general education class to increase student motivation for CSEP students. BecomingRead MoreHow Technology is Changing Todays School System1556 Words   |  6 Pagesis a well-known fact that today, technology has had a significant impact on the way individuals work, play, learn and even communicate. Some of the technological advances being used widely in the modern day include but are not in any way limit ed to personal digital assistants, the world wide net, cell phones, digital cameras as well as computers. With that in mind, education is being seen as one of the areas that stand to benefit greatly from the use of technology. In this text, I review current researchRead More High-Fidelity Human Patient Simulation (HPS) Essay examples1106 Words   |  5 Pagescombines technology with a human body mannequin. Many nursing educators have embraced this type of technology as it offers a means of facilitating cognitive, affective, and psychomotor outcomes. Self-efficacy and motivation are two variables to learning that lead to academic success. To meet the knowledge and skills components required of graduating nurses, didactics are combined with practice of psychomotor skills in the school setting and clinical practice in various health care settings. The clinicalRead MoreInformation Literacy Influence, Scholarship, Practice, and Leadership1068 Words   |  5 Pagesliteracy into the academic learning is critical to capitalize the characterization of leaders’ ability and credibility within the leadership arena. In this paper it will summarize the key points and discuss the influence of information literacy. Scholarship Information literacy has influenced scholarship, practice, and leadership no matter what area or discipline. Credible literacy information is available at the public or private libraries; however, in today’s technology, most literacy is circulating

Case Study on Compartment Syndrome Essay Sample free essay sample

Aim: To depict the rating. diagnosing. and current intervention of a men’s association football participant with compartment syndrome of the forearm. Background: The forearm is the most common site for compartment syndrome in the upper appendage. The compartments of the forearm include the volar ( anterior or flexor ) . and the dorsal ( posterior or exterior ) . Both bone forearm breaks and distal radius breaks are common initial hurts that lead to acute forearm compartment syndrome. The flexor digitorum profundus and flexor pollicis longus are among the most badly affected musculuss because of their deep location. closest to the bone. Differential Diagnosis: Other possible hurts and conditions which need to be ruled out include stress breaks and breaks of the radius and elbow bone. Treatment: The intervention end. as with most athletic hurts. is to reconstruct the athlete’s hurt. hurting free. with functional abilities similar to that anterior to the hurt. We aimed to reconstruct circulation to the compartment through decompression. The chief intervention the jock endured was ultrasound mode. leting the tissue to mend. Singularity: Acute compartment syndrome in most common in the legs. The incidence of compartment syndrome is greatest where there are smaller compartments enveloped in tight sheath. which include the forearm and the lower leg. Decision: The forecast depends on the strength and continuance of the compartment force per unit area. Acute compartment syndrome consequences from unstable force per unit area in a closed compartment. If left untreated. it can take to more terrible conditions including rhabdonyolysis and kidney failure. potentially taking to decease. Personal data/ Signs and SymptomsThe jock is a 20-year-old male association football participant for Kansas Wesleyan University. He is 5 pes 11 inches tall and weighs 175 lbs. The jock was slide undertaking for a ball when an opposing participant landed on his forearm. hyper widening his cubitus. He complained of immediate numbness and prickling throughout the lower arm. He has immediate lessening clasp strength. but esthesis was all right throughout the lower arm. cubitus and upper arm. Our initial appraisal was hyper extension of the cubitus. stretching of the median nervus. and compaction of the ulnar nervus. We made the athlete see the physician to govern out other possible hurts. Assessment and Diagnosis The jock was seen by Dr. Harbin the twenty-four hours after the hurt occurred. There was no evident malformation or stain at this clip. He had moderate redness in his left cubitus and forearm. His scope of gesture is decreased. along with his flexure and extension. He is most comfy with his cubitus in approximately 10 grades of flexure. He can experience esthesis with touch and temperature alteration. but is experiencing some numbness and prickling of his forearm. He was sing hurting and redness along palmar extensor facet of the forearm and pronator. At this point. it was apparent that his manus had redness. He has posterior haematoma every bit good. The jock had both decreased flexure. and extension of the forearm. His flexure and extension of the carpus were within the normal bounds. but seemed to be rather a spot slower than normal. When traveling through the series of trials. they were all negative. The lone positive trial was Tinel’s mark. I performed both. valgus and va rus emphasis trials at both 0 grades. and 30 grades. They were negative every bit good. The jock was so diagnosed as holding compartment syndrome for the forearm. We will work on his scope of gesture. three yearss a hebdomad. The jock must be functionally tested before we can let go of him to play. Will test him in one hebdomad. Differential diagnosing Compartment syndrome occurs when inordinate force per unit area builds up inside an enclosed infinite in the organic structure. It normally consequences from shed blooding or swelling after an hurt. The perilously high force per unit area in compartment syndrome hinders the flow of blood to and from the affected tissue. Compartment syndrome can be either acute or chronic. Acute compartment syndrome is a medical exigency. It is normally cause by a terrible hurt. And without intervention. it can take to lasting musculus harm. Chronic compartment syndrome. besides known as exertional compartment syndrome. is normally non an exigency. This is most frequently caused by an athletic effort. Because the facia does non stretch. this can do increase force per unit area on the capillaries. nervousnesss and musculuss in the compartment. The blood flow to the musculus and nervus cells is disrupted. Without a steady supply of O and foods. the nervus and musculus cells can be damaged. Compartment s yndrome most frequently occurs in the anterior compartment of the lower leg. But can besides be present in other compartments in the leg. every bit good as the weaponries. custodies. pess and natess. The hurting and puffiness of chronic compartment syndrome is caused by exercising. Athletes who participant in activities with insistent gestures. such as running. biking. or swimming. are more likely to develop chronic compartment syndrome. This is normally relieved by stoping the exercising and is normally non unsafe. Acute compartment syndrome normally develops after a terrible hurt such as a broken bone. Rarely does it develop after a comparatively minor hurt. Conditionss that may convey on acute compartment syndrome include: a break. severely bruised musculus. reestablished blood flow after block circulation. or compressing patchs. The authoritative mark of acute compartment syndrome is pain. particularly when the musculus within the compartment is stretched. The hurting is more intense than what would be expected from the hurt itself and utilizing or stretching the involved musculus increases the hurting. There may be prickling or firing esthesiss in the tegument. The musculus will likely experience fast or full. The numbness is a ulterior mark. and could bespeak lasting tissue harm. Chronic compartment syndrome causes hurting or cramping during exercising and the hurting will likely lessen when the activity stops. Most frequently occurs in the lower legs. Some of the symptoms include: numbness. trouble traveling the appendage. and seeable musculus bulging. To name chronic compartment syndrome. you must first regulation out other conditions that could besides do hurting like this. For illustration. to govern out tendinitis. your doctor should use force per unit area on the sinews in the country. You may desire to acquire an x-ray to do certain that a stress break is non present. To corroborate the syndrome. the force per unit area in the compartment must be measured before and after exercising. Physical therapy and anti-inflammatory medical specialties are most frequently suggested. Although. they have had no definite consequences for alleviating symptoms. The symptoms could lessen if the activity that caused the status is avoided. The surgical intervention may be an option. It is designed to open the facia so that there is more room for the musculus to swell. Clinical Case This instance was treated and rehabilitated for most of the season. As the terminal of the season approached. the jock was still holding some hurting and uncomfortableness. but had lessenings significantly. In the get downing the left arm showed marks of hyper extension. After farther rating by the physician. we concurred that it was compartment syndrome. and that he must be functionally tested before he was released to play. After a hebdomad of rehabilitation. utilizing ultrasound. ice. and ice massage. the jock returned to the field. After the game. the jock had decreased flexure of the cubitus and extension of the fingers with wrist extension. we had him see the physician once more. The physician allowed the jock to play as tolerated and to go on with intervention as he had been. We scheduled X raies for the undermentioned twenty-four hours to govern out any breaks. After having the X ray. which indicated a mid shaft unla break. The jock was so scheduled for surgery and had a rod placed in the shaft of the elbow bone. through a little puncture hole. He was placed in a splint for 10 yearss. After the 10 yearss. he returned to rehabilitation. We continued with ice. ice massage. and curative ultrasound. Curative ultrasound was utilized to help in circulation of blood flow. The jock was able to return to pattern after the 10 yearss in the splint. We were able to wrap the jocks forearm so he could return to play with minimum hurting. He wore the splint for the remainder of the season and showed really small hurting. Significance/ Discussion The forecast depends on the strength and continuance of the elevated compartment force per unit area. Therefore. clip is of the kernel in the direction of compartment syndrome. If clinical findings or force per unit area reading are implicative. but non conclusive. it is good to acquire a 2nd option. With this jock if he wouldn’t have kept traveling to see the physician. we might non hold caught his break and the bone could hold grown back abnormally and caused more harm. Failure to alleviate the force per unit area of compartment syndrome can ensue in mortification of tissue in that compartment. since capillary prefusion will fall taking to increasing hypoxia of those tissues. This can so do Volkmann’s contracture in the affected limbs. If you can uncompress the country. it will alleviate the force per unit area and increase the blood flow throughout the musculus.

Pros and cons of use of pesticides

Introduction Environmentalists and scientists have put a lot of efforts and energy towards discovering and understanding more about the safety of use of pesticides and possible repercussions in the future. Some support while others disagree on the use of pesticides. In this paper I am going to discuss the pros and cons of the use of pesticides with more focus on use of DDT.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons of Use of Pesticides specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Use of Pesticides The use of pesticides has been faced with much criticism due to the already available evidence of their hazardous effects and also the possibility of future adverse effects. These concerns are perhaps best raised by Carson. She argues that â€Å"every human being is now subjected to contact with dangerous chemicals from the moment of conception till death† (Carson 15). Pesticides have been traced to water bodies, soil as well as in all living things with heightened concern about the presence of these harmful chemicals in milk. Particular concerns have been raised about synthetic insecticides due to their potential biological hazards. They are said to compromise the immune system, interfere with the oxidation processes, interfere with physiological functions and may even cause cancer (Carson 17). The use of pesticides with endocrine disruptors, environmental estrogens, and estrogen mimics has been put into question. Studies indicate that physiological functions of animals such as alligators have changed with noticeable changes in their reproductive systems and this has been attributed to misuse of DDT which, according to Trankina and Gough, â€Å"acted as an estrogen mimic that resulted in the feminization of the males and over-feminization of the females† (Trankina and Gough 1). Continuous DDT use is believed to increase its concentration in the higher levels in the food chains and with the already present evidence of its presence in the breast milk and body fats we can only contemplate the future potential hazards when the levels run out of control (Carson 17). Perhaps the biggest issue of concern is how the insects that we are supposed to eliminate continue to build resistance to DDT and other pesticides. Tis kind of resistance by the pests raises questions of what will eventually happen when the pests will no longer respond to any of the pesticides such as DDT and others. Why not just use more eco friendly methods such as mosquito nets (Trankina and Gough 1). While there could be some evidence of presence of pesticides in the ecosystem there is arguably no direct correlation between the pesticides and cause of the alleged effects: â€Å"DDT does not cause the death of algae at concentrations of 500 parts per billion† (McFinn and Roberts 1).Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Other evidence still indicate that though DDT concentrations may have gone up, bird and sea lions population have increased with time. Correct, regulated use and safe practices of these chemicals will bring immeasurable benefits to mankind such as control of malaria which is believed to be one of the most killers in human history. Use of pesticides boosts food production which keeps the population growing and discontinuing their use may be more catastrophic than the problems associated with their use. DDT is still used in some countries such as India and the benefits by far out weight the risks thus justifying their use (McFinn and Roberts 1). Conclusion Use of DDT and other pesticides may cause harm to the ecosystem if not well used and thus it is advisable to approach this issue with more precaution. It is advisable that the environment is well taken care of because its destruction will eventually lead to the destruction of the whole ecosystem. Works Cited Carson, Rachel. Silent spring. East Africa: East African Publishers, 1995. Print. McFinn, Ann and Roberts, Donald. Should DDT Be Banned Worldwide? Environmental Issues, 2007. Web. Trankina, Michele and Gough, Michael. Do Environmental Hormone Mimics Pose a Health Threat? Environmental Issues, 2007. Web. This essay on Pros and Cons of Use of Pesticides was written and submitted by user Armani Coffey to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Human Sciences Essay Example

The Human Sciences Essay Human behavior makes most sense when it is explained in terms of beliefs and desires, not in terms of volts and grams (Steven Pinker, 1954-). As Pinker correctly said, humans are characterized by their beliefs and opinions. Many people say that they try to and succeed in maintaining an unprejudiced outlook on daily life. However, in the attempt of being unbiased with their beliefs and conclusions, all humans fail dismally. All things that reside in a persons mind are subjective, and thus loaded with belief. According to the Oxford School Dictionary, a belief is a view or judgment of something not necessarily based on fact or knowledge, and a bias is prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair. If we accept these definitions to be true, then it concludes that it is impossible to have a belief that is unbiased. If one believes something, one has made a judgment of that thing, and thus is biased by that judgment. A belief is, by its very definition, a bias. A person may not have a specific bias for or against an issue, but he or she does have several previously formed beliefs that will lead to the formation of an opinion on that issue. Human scientists are no different. Frequently, while searching for trends in and attempting to define human behavior, scientists draw conclusions that are almost unknowingly laden with biased beliefs. In my opinion, every person, including human scientists, has fallen prey to the confirmation bias, the belief bias, and the prison of consistency while drawing a conclusion that he/she wishes to pass as a knowledge claim. We will write a custom essay sample on The Human Sciences specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Human Sciences specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Human Sciences specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In short, the beliefs of human scientists greatly influence their conclusions. The confirmation bias is the most frequently criticized aspect of human scientists conclusions. People are inclined to believe that the human sciences are more prone to bias (due to being less scientific than their natural science counterparts). Firstly, just like any other humans, human scientists are prone to commence their search for a conclusion about humankind with prejudices and biases about individuals and societies natures. People are more likely to think more highly of a branch of society that they are part of. For this reason, human scientists generally find it difficult to be open minded about contentious topics such as racial and gender differences. Secondly, due to the fact that the human sciences deal with individuals, and people are more likely to form emotional attachments with people, rather than math theorems and atom nuclei, over-identification with humans that a scientist is supposed to be analyzing is almost unavoidable. Just like Bruce Parry had to struggle to remain completely objective while on his stay with the Kombai tribe, human scientists struggle to remain free of previous belief and bias while drawing conclusions about humankind. All scientists, especially human scientists, are prone to being affected by bias and emotion when trying to use reason to conclude a general trend in humankinds behavior. For this reason, there exist all kinds of controversies and disagreements in human science. While trying to draw a conclusion, the confirmation bias leads to scientists only recognizing evidence that contributes to their conclusion. They only notice confirming evidence like such because they are biased to believe that their conclusion is true and they somehow have to prove it to be so. Perhaps the only solution to such confirmation biases is actively pursuing contradictory evidence, and analyzing and acknowledging criticisms that seek to discredit their biased research and conclusions.

THE EFFECT OF STALINS PURGES IN THE 1930S ON THE SOVIET UNIONS FOREIGN POLICY JUST PRIOR TO AND AT THE BREAK OUT OF WORLD WAR II essays

THE EFFECT OF STALINS PURGES IN THE 1930S ON THE SOVIET UNIONS FOREIGN POLICY JUST PRIOR TO AND AT THE BREAK OUT OF WORLD WAR II essays Less than a month before Hitler invaded Poland on September 1, 1939 and started World War II, he signed a non-aggression pact with Stalin. Less than two years later, he broke the pact and invaded the Soviet Union in the early morning hours of June 22, 1941. There were plenty of evidence for German aggression before the war broke out, yet Stalin nevertheless signed the pact which contained the secret protocol that divided Poland between Germany and the Soviet Union. The reason for signing the pact were complex, yet one of the most important ones were the domestic factors. Among them, the terrible effect of the purges during the 1930s on the population, economy and especially the army. The purges were set off on December 1, 1934 with the murder of Sergei Kirov. He was a member of the Politburo, leader of the Leningrad party apparatus and had considerable influence in the ruling elite. His concern for the workers in Leningrad and his skill as an orator earned him considerable popularity. Stalin used his murder as a pretext for launching a broad purge that would claim hundreds of thousands of victims and have lasting repercussion felt to this day. Stalin never visited Leningrad again and directed one of his most vicious post-War purges against the city Russia's historic window to the West. No segment of the society was left untouched by the purges. Anyone who caused the slightest suspicion was removed and numerous legislature was enacted to help enforce them. In 1935 a law was passed which lowered the age of criminal responsibility. That meant the death penalty could be applied to twelve-year-old children (McCauley, p.93). There was also a panic response in the primary party organizations to expel and "expose" people in order to protect oneself and to show "vigilance" (Getty, p.213) The slaughter of armed forces began on 12 June 1937 when Tukhachevsky and some top army men were executed, then spread to lower ranks and then to p...

Mobile Marketing Association Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mobile Marketing Association - Assignment Example The essay critically analyzes the MMA, how and when it was founded, its objectives, and how to handle its activities to achieve its objectives. MMA was founded through the 2003 merger between the Wireless Advertising Association (WAA) and the Wireless Marketing Association (WMA)(Haig 205). WAA was then a non – profit association based in New York while the WMA was based in the UK. Since its development, the MMA supported 10-20 member companies till 2005 when effective mobile marketing strategies began making immense meaning in the United States. In 2007, the association established two national chapters in Spain and Austria and more regional branches for the APAC and EMEA. In 2010, the board of directors appointed Greg Stuart to serve as the global CEO of the Association. Before his appointment, Greg served as the Chief Executive Officer of the Internet Advertising Bureau. The MMA has its global headquarters located in New York. Also, it has regional operational offices in Latin America (LATAM), Europe/Middle East/Africa (EMEA), and Asia Pacific (APAC). MMA’s local council offices are located in 17 countries the world over. Mobile marketing activities advocated by the MMA are broadly classified into messaging, advertising, mCommerce, apps and CRM. The activities span over all mobile devices, including tablets and smartphones. Mobile Marketing Association members include AdChina, American Express, Dunkin’ Brands, Colgate-Palmolive, Google, Hewlett-Packard, Facebook, Group M, Kellogg Co., Hilton Worldwide, MasterCard, L’Oreal, Microsoft, Inc. Pandora Media, and McDonalds. Additional members include Mondelez International, Proctor & Gamble, The Coca-Cola Company, R/GA, Unilever, The Weather Company, Walmart, Visa, xAd, Vodafone and Zenith Optimedia among other companies(Association 1). The MMA’s mission is anchored on four core pillars; cultivating inspiration,

Ethical Conduct in Scientific Research Assignment

Ethical Conduct in Scientific Research - Assignment Example In real sense, they were not being given penicillin which was the standard treatment for syphilis. The scientists who carried out the study as Tuskegee continued to examine the subjects and withheld information relating to penicillin from the patients. In addition, the scientists did not allow the participants to access syphilis treatments that were available to the other people in Tuskegee (Reverby, 2009). This resulted to suffering, pain, and even death for the participants. The revelation of the study made the federal government to have a closer look to studies involving human subjects and initiated changes to prevent ethical breaches that happened at Tuskegee. The resultant reforms in clinical research include, firstly, the researcher should notify partakers that their anonymity. This means that they will be informed that their responses will not be discussed with anyone else. Consequently, the privacy and confidentiality of the participants is maintained. Secondly, informed consent. The respondents need to be informed of the aim and nature of the study. Consent is about if a participant decides to participate in the study or not (Shrader-Frechette, 2011). The consent can be obtained directly or indirectly through third-party consent. Informed consent entails capacity which is the person’s capability to acquire as well as retain knowledge, information is where the participant accesses information regarding the study, and voluntariness involves the person willingly participating in the study. They also have the right to withdraw from the study at any time. Finally, harm protection. The researcher needs to ensure that none of the par ticipants is exposed to unwarranted psychological and physical harm (Adil & Shamoo, 2009). In the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, the scientists were engaged in unethical practice since they knowingly failed to inform the participants that penicillin was an effective cure for the

Analyze the significance of professional certification Essay

Analyze the significance of professional certification - Essay Example Florence Nightingale was the first nurse to record graduates for her nursing school. Licensure examinations are necessary as they are the measure of competency. To ensure public safety, â€Å"the international council of nurses passed a resolution that required each state to establish licensure and examination procedure for nurses† (Catalano p.41).Licensure is the major requirement for practicing nurses. It is mainly a state controlled activity that enforces powers to its regulatory board to protect public health, safety and welfare by enacting professional standards. There are some nursing organizations like National League for Nursing Accrediting Commission that accredits the nursing schools and it also ensures the standard of nursing teachings and practice. Another organization called American Nursing Association ensures, â€Å"certain standard yardsticks against which nurses are measured and are held accountable by courts of law† (Catalano 2005, p.48). The ANA also establishes the official code of ethics for professional practice. Nurses play significant role in the evolvement of health care system. They are Primary care providers. Initiation of Licensure and Certification would thus help in upgrading the level of care provided by the nurses. References . Catalano, T. Joseph (2005).

Old English

Old English ‘Without Latin, English would have an impoverished vocabulary Latin is one of the languages that has most influenced English since its birth as a language. In this essay we are going to approach the Latin influence in vocabulary along the periods of the English language to see if, without the Latin influence it would be as rich as it is now with it and if the language would be impoverished or not. Development In its beginnings, Old English did not have the large number of words borrowed from Latin and French that now form part of English vocabulary. Old English was a very flexible language capable of using old words and giving them new uses. Latin has been the second great influence on English. It was the language of an educated and sophisticated civilization from which the Saxon peoples wanted to learn. The contact between these people was at first commercial and military but then it also became religious and intellectual. Before going to England the Germans had already had contact with the Romans and of course, from this contact they acquired some Latin words. When Christian was introduced in England, the people living there adopted many Latin elements. English borrowings from Latin came in three waves that extended the resourced of their vocabulary. â€Å"A connection between Latin and English is indicated by such correspondences as pater with English father, or frÄ ter with brother, although the difference in the initial consonants tends somewhat to obscure the relationship† (Baugh, Cable 1993:18) Albert Baugh and Thomas Cable, in their book ‘A history of the English language divide the Latin influences in the vocabulary in three stages: The continental borrowing, the Latin through Celtic transmission and the Latin influence of the second period and the norman conquest. We are going to see three occasions in which borrowings from Latin occurred  ¿Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¿before the end of the old English period: During the continental borrowing, the words were introduced because of the contact the German tribes had had with the Romans on the continent. Some of the words introduced were already present in the early Germanic dialects because of the trading contact. The Germans coming back from the empire brought with them words apart from goods. The words they adopted indicated new conceptions related with things they did not know or for which they did not have terms. The germans in the empire dedicated themselves to agriculture and war, as some words like camp (battle), segn (banner), weall (wall), pytt(pit), strÅ“t (road, street), mÄ «l (mile) and miltestre (courtesan) show. Owing to the commercial relationship most words are related to trade. One of the things they traded was wine and we can observe words like wÄ «n (wine), eced (vinegar). They also traded domestic and household articles plus clothing as in cytel (kettle L.Catillus). In the art of buildings and construction there were words like copor (copper), pic (pitch) or tigele (tile). The words the Germans borrowed reflected the kind of relationships they had. In the Celtic transmission, which had a poor influence on old English made the Latin influence be limited too during the roman occupation. The extent to which the country had been Romanised and the use of latin by the population were not influential. Some terms could be found in placenames but a direct contact between latin and old English was not possible during this period because the Latin words came thought the transmission of the celts and their interaction with old English was weak. Words like ceaster ( L. castra. Camp) which today forms English place names as Manchester or Doncaster or words like port (harbour, gate, town) from Latin portus and porta; munt (mountain) from latin montem were introduced. The influence of the language in the first period was the slightest of all. The Latin influence of the second period and the greatest of all was the Christianizing of Britain that started in 597. From this moment until the end of the old engliush period around 500 years later words made their way into English thanks in most cases to monasteries. It is needless to say that most of the terms introduced had to do with the new religion. Some words like church or bishop already belonged to the language because they had been introduced before but the vast majority of terms having to do with churches and their services were introduced in this period. Some examples are abbot, deacon, disciple, angel, althar, anthem, pal, pope, psalm. But the church did not only influence religiously speaking. Some terms related to the domestic life of people, clothes, food, trees, plants, education, miscellaneous things or literature were introduced. Words like cap or silk, lentil or caul (cabbage), pine or lily, the word plant itself, school, master, grammatic(al), meter, notary, a nchor, sponge or elephant or calend or talent. There was a great influence in the early years of Christianity in England. As the Latin influence always came and went hand in hand with the church new words when with the Benedictine reform. The imports were different now and they expressed scientific and learned ideas. But some words were still related to religious matters antichrist, apostle or demon. The words that predominated in this period were the literary and learned ones. Some examples are accent, history, paper, title. Plant names like coriander, cucumber, ginger. Trees like cypress or laurel, some terms related to medical matters like cancer, paralysis and some others related to animals like scorpion, tiger. Despite the introduction of all these words English did not always adopt them to express a new concept. An old word was generally applied to a new object or thing with a small adaptation in order to convey new meanings. The Anglo-Saxons, for example, did not borrow the words for which they already had a meaning. According to Baugh, as a result of the Christianizing of Britain some 450 Latin words appear in English writings before the close of the English period (Baugh and 1993:86) In spite of this, some words did not make their way into general use until later, when they were reintroduced but others were fully accepted and incorporated into the language. Before the Norman Conquest Latin was the language used by the church and the one of scholarship, international communication and administration but then, after the conquest, it was replaced by French. But the Norman Conquest was the period in which a larger number of Latin borrowings were introduced. In this period we include the words borrowed from French (derived from Latin) and those directly borrowed from Latin itself although they were less popular that the French and usually obtained their admission through written language. In the 13th and 14th centuries England could have spoken three languages English, French and Latin. Latin was also the principal channel through which Greek words reached English. The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries were really prolific in Latin borrowings. Some of them were conspiracy, distract, frustrate or history among many other common terms used in everyday speech. (Asiq teniendo en cuenta esto sin el latà ­n el ingles seria un idioma pobre porq no tendria ni la influencia griega que llego a travà ©s de à ©l ni la francesa que procede del latà ­n). As Barbara Strang mentioned in her book ‘A history of English it remains to note that from this super abundant wealth English has discarded a number of items picked up, jackdaw-wise, more for glitter than for use and that this was particularly noticeable among the Latin words of the 16c. (Strang 1989:129) The Renaissance in the 16th century and the revival of classical learning made the number of Latin borrowings increase. Many of these words came by means of French because in Middle English, Romanic elements were Gallicized but in Modern English they came directly from Latin. Related to this Barbara Strang said that â€Å"we cannot always be certain whether a word is a direct loan from Latin or mediated by French† (Strang 1989:186). In the 17 th and 18 th centuries there was a Latin diction. The writers that had been brought up in the tradition of the classics provoked a reaction in which the Saxon element of the language was glorified and made stronger. For them, the Latin and French words were very literary and abstract and they rejected them Cassidy says that English has been exposed to Latin influence throughout its history but the Latin borrowings found in our days are far smaller than might have been expected (Robertson 1954:152) To know how many exact Latin words have been borrowed into English is impossible. In our days it is important to mention that the most part of the modern and technique words in English, those related to computers, derive from Latin roots and not from Germanic. For example the word computer is a derivation of the Latin verb computare which means count or calculate. The word delete, which means ‘to erase what is written in a computer, comes from the Latin verb delere, which means to erase. Curiously, those people who have studied Latin know that the second person of the imperative of the verb delere is delete. Robertson also recognises this influence and says that â€Å"in present day technical and scientific English, Latin shares with Greek the source of a host of new coinages, or of few applications of words already adopted† (Robertson 1954:155) â€Å"This is not a matter merely of the number of words borrowed, for in that respect, Latin, at least, is ahead of French. What it means is that far more of the French words have become a part of the essential core of modern English† (Robertson 1954:155) Coger algo de la 187 a la 189 de Barber!! Y se acabà ³ Conclusion Ver pags 173 y 174 para la conclusià ³n en nà ºmero. English would be in some kind impoverished. BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SOURCES Albert Croll Baugh,Thomas Cable A history of the English language ELECTRONIC RESOURCES http://www.orbilat.com/Influences_of_Romance/English/RIFL-English-Latin-The_Inflluences_on_Old_English.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_influence_in_English http://www.wordinfo.info/words/index/info/view_unit/4197/?letter=Espage=4

Saint Augustine Research Paper

AuSaint Augustine was a bishop of Hippo Regius, a Latin philosopher and theologian. He was born in 354 in the town of Thagaste in Roman Africa. Growing up with a Pagan father and a Christian mother, Saint Augustine endured many experiences from which he produced a book of confessions. In this book he writes about his life and struggles with evil desires. He struggled with greed, gluttony and lust, which are three among seven of the deadliest sins. His main struggle was within faith and religion concerning sexual restrictions and church regulations.He overcomes these struggles when he finds his faith. The encounters of evil Saint Augustine battles with fluctuate throughout his life. In his book of confessions he states that committing greed and gluttony brought joy to him. He loved anything that would amuse him such as chariot racing, gladiator fights and theatre. He would venture in drinking; gambling, stealing and he participated in barbaric pranks on people. He focused more on his own pleasures other than helping others.What saved him was his mother, Monica, who prayed for Augustine’s wickedness to wither. Monica’s prayers were answered when she received a dream from God. During this time he became a teacher and over the years he saw that what he use to enjoy was dull and senseless. Slowly his immoral practices became nothing but regretful memories. His mother then started to persuade him to become a Christian in which he did. He found his faith and began a new life without sin. His most grueling struggle was the sin of lust.He was not chaste nor did he abide Christian precepts. In his book he describes that his actions were done to avoid mockery and to also be accepted by his peers. When his mother was directing him towards the good she proposed that he should marry. Augustine married a 10-year-old child and when waiting for her to evolve he had an affair. By overcoming this obstacle he finally converted to Christianity and refrained from any f orm of sexual pleasure. He states, â€Å"The evil was not in the sexual act itself but in the emotions that accompany it. He also considers lust to be an obstacle to obtain the virtuous life. Saint Augustine had a constant battle with himself towards church policy and restrictions. He struggled with the limitations towards sexual intentions, which included him to be faithful to his significant other and live a monogamous lifestyle. He disagreed with this because his number one struggle was his erotic desires. This was one of the reasons as to why he gradually converted to Christianity. His struggle to adhere faith was one of the obstacles to find his identity.He overcame this with the help of his mother and her prayers and he soon came to realize that his past was full of sin so he cleansed himself and became who he is known to be today. Saint Augustine had a life of sin. He struggled with lust, gluttony, greed, faith and religion. He then found himself and became a Saint. Like any body else Saint Augustine was human, he faced many obstacles concerning evil practices but in the end he overcame these struggles when faith prevailed.

Four Things To Do to Increase One’s Level of Contentment and Happiness Essay

The learned Viktor Frankl contends that â€Å"chance decides what happens but we decide how to take it† (cited in Southwick, et. al. , 2006, p. 162). For someone who has been through the most tragic circumstances of human existence, Frankl is surely someone who knows pretty well how happiness is to be pursued in one’s life. While it can be argued that happiness is a state of human living which cannot be singularly defined, we – human persons that we are – nevertheless know what brings it about or how it affects our general take of life. Pursuing Happiness All throughout One’s Life The basic thrust of this paper is to argue that our state of contentment or happiness is something that we human persons can always choose to pursue. By adopting Frankl’s philosophy, we can say that a person can always choose the path towards happiness against the backdrop of different life circumstances and issues that come with one’s lifespan development. First, one can always choose to discover his or her crafts, potentials and talents as a way to appreciate one’s giftedness and uniqueness. This is a very potent element that contributes well to one’s happiness; and this usually happens during one’s late childhood and adolescent stages. The discovery of our uniqueness gives us a sense of who we are. But even when, for instance, one is not gifted enough, one can still discover certain strains of uniqueness to be appreciated. This is crucial because it can give us an initial taste of our sense of directedness and purpose. Second, a person needs to choose the kind of relationships that work in order to attain a level of happiness as well. This is especially true for those who are at the early adulthood stage. Growing up, it would be normal to feel that we need someone to complete us; and finding that suitable someone is notably crucial for this stage. Many people end up either unhappy or miserable because they did not either take the courage to pursue a person whom they love or feel powerless to break free from relationships that just do not work. But finding true happiness is about choosing the right relationships that could nurture, and not defeat life. Third, in order to secure happiness, one must always face life-crises with a brimming sense of optimism. This surely is a case of no little importance, as it is not uncommon to learn that many middle-agers suddenly lose their sense of meaning at a time when life-crises emerging from home and workplace start to take their toll. Crises, it needs to be remembered, cannot be avoided. But they are defining moments that can either make or break us. Increasing one’s state of happiness during these poignant moments therefore necessitates a commitment to hope – i. e. , one faces life problems with a sense of optimism. If one can face problems convinced that he or she can successfully get out of it, then it is like facing a battle half-winning it already. Fourth, one can look at his or her life under the lenses of accomplishment and gratitude so as to be happy. This especially applies to those who are in the twilight of their lives. When one becomes bitter every time he or she looks back at the past, it effectively robs a person with a sense of contentment and happiness. Instead, looking back at life with eyes fixed on the accomplishments and blessings that one has done or received in his or her life surely elicits an incomparable sense of contentment, happiness and pride. Conclusion This paper therefore concludes that a person is always empowered to make a choice in order to increase his or her level of contentment or happiness. In any lifespan development or stages, the choice to uphold sense of happiness is always a concrete possibility; i. e. , we can always choose to discover one’s giftedness, choose the relationships that could make us happy, choose to face life-crises with hopefulness and choose to be thankful in our lives. In the final analysis, it must be ultimately argued that we are the ones responsible for our own happiness.

Life Culture in London South Bank University

Life Culture in London South Bank University Executive Summary The report is about utilization of individual spirituality and emotional intelligence within various organizational set-ups. There is tendency in most organizations to neglect spiritual part of individual’s lives leading to aspect of imbalance between emotional, intellectual and spiritual livelihoods.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Life Culture in London South Bank University specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The article discusses various importance obtained from focusing on one’s spirituality hence forming the primary point from which one can quickly identify their purpose in life. From the perspective of the discussion, there is profound relationship between spirituality and overall performance within work-places. The paper starts by giving detailed annotated bibliography on articles based on spiritual and emotional intelligence. Then there is creation of cultural model used in Londo n South Bank University. Introduction Multicultural backgrounds ensure interaction between people having improved innovative abilities which can be used in generating new ideas and skills. Managing cultural diversity based on spiritual and emotional intelligence is helpful in the process of knowledge transfer. Using integrated cultural dimension, modern technology and the same language within institution makes it easier for communication amongst individuals; this enables more comfortable transfer of information as well as knowledge. Such scenario reduces the level of misunderstanding and misinterpretation owing to cultural differences hence leading to increased efficiency and productivity within institutions. Institutions are always available to assist their members understand and realize their ambitions. Motivation incentives granted to employees provide most basic and essential part of institution’s success. Good example is in London South Bank University where they provide students with talent capable of meeting work-place needs hence improving individual’s career progression.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Step 1: Culture According to London south bank university (LSBU), analysis of culture comprises cumulative aspects of human character which incorporates systems of sound knowledge shared within society. LSBU has a problem on efficient management of online students and students with disability due to a high number of those enrolling on an annual basis. The current situation within the institution works based on Traditional Support Model where students are taken through courses enabling them to create innovative products, initiate their own theatre companies as well as creating designs for international sports teams. Within emotionally and spiritually intelligent culture the primary source of human energy and drive is based on emotional intelligence where most of work done by lecturers and students focuses on physical aspects. However, bigger percentage of success is based on emotional intellect with heart intelligence taking a smaller percentage. Step 2: Context for Cultural Change and the Preferable Changes My context focuses on Team-Based Model, which is different from concept of teaching from Traditional Support Model used in LSBU. Team-based model enables bringing together group of instructional experts from all departments within LSBU, hence enabling them collaborate with entire faculties. This model ensures that instructors are not burdened in the process of dealing with students, including those with disabilities. The Team-Based Model approach enables creation and sustenance of institutional culture with ability of allowing easy accessibility and sufficient support to all students, especially those studying online.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Life Culture in London S outh Bank University specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In LSBU the nature of the curriculum encourages natural exhaustion, which ultimately does not encourage spiritually focused life (Bass). There is need for change within people’s sense of integrity based on courage, love and reality on the fact that spirituality forms the most important part of individual role within society. LSBU needs to focus on forming organizations dealing with spiritual aspects of student fraternity. There should be total shift in life’s focus where instead of earning living, lecturers should live meaningful lives through sense of duty and call. This is since spirituality leads an individual not only towards working for success but also focus on significance and meaning of life. Step 3: Cultural Web The concept incorporates cultural diversity, which comprises various cultural differences existing between people. Such differences can be described from th e perspective of language, dressing, traditional values, religion, and societal interactions within same environment. Stories London South Bank University is known for provision of variety of professional courses to all students. The campus is known for providing an environment for professionalism, making great friendship, enjoyment of arts alongside service to others presenting opportunity to challenge ones-self. These qualities portray the campus as the most service-minded and spirited environments. Current prevailing culture, i.e., Traditional Support Model, can easily be identified through lecturers’ over-burdening experiences, especially in the process of dealing with disabled students.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Students with disabilities are prone to being excluded from new media revolution within the campus. However, the new model will enable accessibility and at the same time, provide online students with access based on academic programming. To avoid disruption of learning from LSBU own practices, Team-Based model would support issues based on accessibility from a cultural point of view. This would ultimately encourage increased number of disabled and online grandaunts. Rituals, Routines and Symbols Students joining the campus expect a high level of vibrancy from cultural events, learning and recreation activities. These include both structured and unstructured activities suiting every member of the community. The cool creative and green environment gives the institution a vibrant image within such professionally recognized community. Organizational Structure, Control Systems and Power The institution follows hierarchical kind of organizational structure. LSBU is member of the British s ystem hence its organizational structure comprises of Vice-chancellor, principal, dean, head of departments and junior administrators including student leadership. The institution believes in producing high achievers at affordable costs, which is the main objective influencing LSBU’s corporate culture. At the same time it known for producing top professionals in business-related fields. Step 4 Annotated bibliography presents emotional intelligence as the inherent potential to feel, use, communicate, recognize, remember, describe, identify and learn. LSBU as higher learning institution should depend more on reorganizing their curriculum to accommodate cultural diversity and use it for the purposes of attracting international community. Multicultural challenges should be incorporated for effective management of students within such corporate culture. Like in the case of South African teachers, they find difficulties relating with students from diversified backgrounds since teac hing is taken as means of survival and not for purpose fulfillment. However, according to Diaz 2005, there is profound importance of emotional intelligence when dealing with various groups of people. The article reveals that individuals’ level of emotional intelligence determines the level of his/her relationships. There is need for creating appropriate actions capable of providing required harmony on all students’ spiritual and emotional intelligence. Provision of appropriate measures such as incorporating technological changes and language training facilities for the purposes of overcoming communication barriers is necessary for professionalism. The purpose of recruitment and training programs is to ensure creation of talented internationally mobile people capable of occupying management positions. Numerous benefits can be realized from management of cultural diversity and such actions include; appropriate innovative abilities, comprehensive competitiveness and trans fer of knowledge to the various minority groups. The process also enables development of better talents capable of reducing discriminative effects. Managing cultural diversity is also beneficial in enhancing corporate image of various organizations. Step 5: Natural Resistance to Change and Its Management Processes Usually, change is received with resistance since the process is normally uncomfortable as it requires new dimensions of thinking. Concerning this model, there would be perceived level of uncertainty within such institution since the model will encourage sacrificing familiar for unfamiliar experiences. Anxiety will also be part of the resistance since the model would require huge investment in terms of facilities capable of accommodating disabled and online students. Such issues are common amongst students and especially the most cooperative as well as supportive administrative staff. The model can as well be affected by partial support from Institutions administration inc lined to undermining change of effort. WESI provides various perspectives involved in managing change such as philosophical perspective, multiple intelligence involving spiritual and emotional experiences of students within classes and halls of residents. Using Steingard’s awareness Change Manifestation model in LSBU will bring into effect shifting focus on integration of spirituality and management of emotional requirements amongst students. The model comprises of three dimensions, which includes; awareness, change and manifestation. Including change within such institution requires that all those involved should be ethically responsible. Bass, Randy 2012, Disrupting ourselves: The problem of learning in higher education. Web. Diaz, Johann 2005, Why Self Awareness is so Important. PDF file. Web.

b. f. skinner essays

b. f. skinner essays B.F. Skinner born in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania March 20, 1904 was a man known as B.F. Skinner. His real name was Burrhus Fredric, but he signed his name as B.F. since he was at the tender age of nine Skinner accomplished many things in his lifetime. He wrote several books, all about psychology Skinner was the first child of William A. and Grace Burrhus Skinner . During high school Skinner was involved in many activities, including writing for the local paper, playing the piano and saxophone, and inventing things. After graduating high school Skinner went to Hamilton College and graduated in 1926 where he majored in English language and literature. There after he went on to Harvard University, where he received a Ph.D. degree in 1931. Skinner stayed there until 1936 doing laboratory experiments . He the joined the University of Minnesota in 1937. It was during this time that Skinner wrote his first book The Behavior of Organisms .The book was quoted to be a fairly comprehensive s tudy of operant conditioning In this book the theory of B.F. Skinner is based upon the idea that learning is a function of change in overt behavior. Changes in behavior are the result of an individuals response to events (stimuli) that occur in the environment. A response produces a consequence such as defining a word, hitting a ball, or solving a math problem. When a particular Stimulus-Response (S-R) pattern is reinforced (rewarded), the individual is conditioned to respond. The distinctive characteristic of operant conditioning relative to previous forms of behaviorism (for example Thorndike and Hull) is that the organism can emit responses instead of only eliciting response due to an external stimulus. Reinforcement is the key element in Skinners S-R theory. It could be verbal praise, a good grade, or a feeling of increased accomplishment or satisfaction. The theo ...

Micro-Teaching Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Micro-Teaching - Assignment Example (Gardner, 2000, 45) I got hold of some school text books as well as college books on mathematics and statistics. I studied these in depth. I made sure that I understood every word in the explanations. I did quite a few numbers in the exercises to practice. It was not possible to try every sum because they were in large numbers. I referred some experienced teachers on the subject. I also went online and studied pie charts in bona fide websites. In addition to this process, I tried many times to make the presentation more understandable to the level of age that the class I am to teach is under. This would help them realize the subject more practically. (Erickson, 2006, 76) I discussed pie charts and how they are to be taught to university students. I discussed this with one senior and experienced teacher of statistics in the university. I discussed the basic features of pie charts and their use. I also talked to a few students to get an idea of what they expected from teachers. I also learnt when pie charts are best used. These conversations allowed me to see through the process of learning that would most likely work on the students I am particularly dedicating the presentation to. (Gardner, 2001, 54) Through the advice and the perceptions of the people I talked to, I realized when is it best to utilize pie charts and rather give them a more practical sense of function in the class during certain conventional discussions may it be about math or other subjects. How did you select materials I talked to students in the second and third years of their college. I got wind of the text books that contain explanations and problems in pie charts. The teacher I spoke to in this regard also helped me. I also had an idea about the school text books that contained explanations of pie charts. I also went online and used key words to select website that had explanations on pie charts. Through these implicative understanding garnered through research, I made it a point that what I would be presenting to the class would not simply be a functional piece of aide for teaching, but it would also be something that would make learning an easier task for all the students in class regardless of whatever age or whatever level of learning they might be able to grasp.(Tyler, 2001, 54) This made my presentation more applicable to all ages and all learners both in secondary school and university school classes. What alternative approaches did you consider I did think about using audio visuals. Proper use of audio visuals impact students' minds rapidly and clearly. It also becomes easy to explain pie charts use thoroughly with the help of audio visuals. Audio visuals come in many forms. I prefer using my laptop for the purpose. I will have to prepare the notes and charts. I knew that this

BUSINESS ETHICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

BUSINESS ETHICS - Essay Example Ethics, after all, encompass wider perspectives of human concerns ultimately affecting business organizations. Ferrell, Fraedrich & Ferrell (2009, 6) define business ethics as â€Å"the principles and standards that guide behavior in the world of business†. As businesses comprise a greater majority of the world’s human activities, the importance of studying ethics come as a necessity rather than a matter of natural occurrence. Businessmen interact with diverse stakeholders in capacities ranging from employees, creditors, customers, directors, stockholders, government entities, and the community, as a whole. In this regard, they are obliged to abide by a set of standards which guide their actions and decisions in order to protect the stakeholders’ interests which they serve. Accordingly, each professional endeavor is governed by a code of ethics which encompass principles and values of integrity, objectivity, competence, respect and protection of legal and personal rights, confidentiality, nondiscrimination, promotion of wellness, refusal to participate in illegal and unethical acts, following scientific and ethical research procedures and compliance with state and federal laws, among others. Studying business ethics would assist individuals, as part of the organization, to discern their personal values that affect or influence the performance of their required responsibilities. By learning theoretical ethical concepts and their applications in business, individuals are made aware of the need to recognize relationships between legal and ethical decisions. Business ethics discusses the concepts on leadership and management where managerial responsibilities for the conduct of subordinates need to conform to ethical codes for guidance and compliance. The study of ethics give direction to promote the ethical behavior expected of stakeholders in the business setting. It

Exp Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Exp - Essay Example Using gloves during the collection of the diphenylmethanol, 30g of crushed ice was placed in a 250mL beaker, and 3mL of concentrated HCL was then carefully added to the frozen water. The reaction mixture was then slowly poured into the acid in the fumehood very carefully so as to avoid foaming over. The solid product was collected by suction filtration, and the crystals were washed twice with 15mL of ice-cold water. The crystals were dried thoroughly to avoid recrystallisation due to hexane being immiscible with water. Once dried, the crude product was weighed, and a crude yield was calculated. 0.1 of the crude product was then placed aside for later TLC analysis. During the third stage, the crude product was recrystalised from hexane. Care was taken not to use too much solvent, and because hexane is flammable and has a low boiling point, the hot plate settings were kept below maximum in order to minimise the risk of fire. The purified diphenylmethanol was then collected, and its mass was determined once dry. The percentage recovery of the recrystallisation and the overall yield of the reaction were both calcuated. 0.1g of the recrystallised product was kept aside for later TLC analysis. The melting point of the recrystallised material was now able to be determined at some point, or else during the next stage. For the TLC analysis, solutions were prepared of benzophenone, crude diphenylmethanol, and recrystallised diphenylmethanol, by dissolving 0.1g of solid in 1 ml of dichloromethane. It was recommended to use vials instead of test tubes for this purpose. The eluant for developing the TLC was 1 mL of ethyl acetate dissolved in 5 mL of ligroin, and 12mL of this eluant was required. The TLC was spotted with the three solutions and the plate developed. The spots were then circled under the UV lamp, and the Rf values were

Philosophy - Free

Philosophy Free Will vs Determinism Essay The dialogue between philosophers over the existence of free will versus the inevitability of determinism is a debate that will always exist. The discussion centers around the true freedom of humans to think and act according to their own judgment versus the concept that humans are intrinsically bound by the physical laws of the universe. Before I enter this chicken and the egg debate I need to quantify my terms: Free will is defined by the great philosopher, St. Thomas Aquinas as â€Å"vis electiva† or free choice. It is the ability of man to contemplate and judge the effects of the actions he is about to take. †¦But man acts from judgment, because by his apprehensive power he judges that something should be avoided or sought. But because this judgment, in the case of some particular act, is not from a natural instinct but from some act of comparison in the reason, therefore he acts from free judgment and retains the power of being inclined to various things. † (Aquinas. Suma Theologica) Determinism is a complex notion but is best described by David Hume as the notion that something cannot come from nothing and that all actions have causes preceding them. I conceive that nothing taketh beginning from itself, but from the action of some other immediate agent without itself. And that therefore, when first a man hath an appetite or will to something, to which immediately before he had no appetite nor will, the cause of his will, is not the will itself, but something else not in his own disposing. So that whereas it is out of controversy, that of voluntary actions the will is the necessary cause, and by this which is said, the will is also caused by other things whereof it disposeth not, it followeth, that voluntary actions have all of them necessary causes, and therefore are necessitated. (Hume. Liberty and Nessessity. ) Philosophy and world religion alike were born of the same origins. Each of the two ancient disciplines arose from the quest for the answers to life’s ominous questions. These human questions, archetypical to people of all geographic locations; where did we come from; why are we here; where do we go when we die; unite us as a race. It is no coincidence that each religion and theology from all four corners of the earth tackles these black holes of human logic. Each religion carves their own individual explanations of these unanswerable questions into their core belief systems, each one centrally different than others. However, they all share one common thought; each shares a belief in an afterlife determined by the choices made in life. Free will is the common denominator in all world religions, because all share the essential concept of morality. The widespread acceptance of the concept of morality implies that there is a choice to be had at each and every juncture or life. The choice comes from recognition of good and evil. For good and evil to exist, then there has to be the ability to decipher between the two and also decide to accept one over the other. The existence of morality alone proves that free will exists, because without the freedom to choose right or wrong in any given situation there would be no qualitative measure of the â€Å"rightness† or â€Å"wrongness† of ones actions. David Hume comments on the origin of morality and its place in our everyday decision making processes, â€Å"Only when you turn your reflexion into your own breast, and find a sentiment of disapprobation† (Hume.  Treatise of Human Nature). In other words, there are no outside stimuli that can decipher good from evil; the line can only be drawn by internal thought. Hume was a naturalist in that his vision of the world and therefore stance of philosophy was based directly through the experiences of the senses. His stance on many issues directly originated from his ability to experience it with the five senses, and on the subject of morality he takes exception. Even he recognizes the existence of morality in everyday life, even though it cannot be explained through the lens of the senses. It would seem that morality’s acceptance must therefore prove that free will exists, but there is one essential school of thought yet to weigh on this topic; science. Science was the latest bloomer of the three major disciplines of existential explanation and in the post modern era is becoming more and more popular. As the world becomes further secularized and the reaches of scientific logic continue to exceed their grasp, many of the world’s intellectuals identify â€Å"truth† on a scientific scale. Science does not support the theory of morality, because it can’t be proven to exist. The notion of â€Å"free-will†, something which world religion and philosophies alike recognize as a fundamental part of our human anatomy, is called into question in a few simple and logical ways. Science supports the theory of determinism as the only logical explanation of the unfolding of the actions of our lives. First off, science has recently developed the discipline known to us as physics, in which the laws of the universe have been defined. In the short time in which humans have been graced by the scientific understanding of the laws of the universe, human kind has yet to fully step back and contemplate the magnitude of this discovery. In generations past, humans believed that we were made special with â€Å"free will†, but now we know that like all things in the universe we are subject to the physical laws. This is a huge step forward in rational thinking because it allows us to understand that our previously God given concept of â€Å"free will† was really a result of a lack of understanding of the deterministic laws of the universe. For instance a law as simple and commonly accepted as â€Å"gravity† challenges the idea of free will. Gravitational pull determines that no matter the size of an object, once separate from the surface of the earth will be dragged back down at the same force every time. This is a simple concept that we take for granted, but it works in the free will v. determinism argument. We are ruled by gravity, and therefore all of our lives activities answer to it. We can’t choose to jump off a building and float in the air because we’ll be pulled back to the ground to our imminent deaths. We can’t choose to stay younger and keep our skin tight to our faces because gravity’s long-term effect causes our skin to droop down towards the ground. The choices I just listed may seem farfetched to some, however, if we examine the notion that we have â€Å"free will† in the empirical sense of the word we see that not all of our decisions are controlled by us, and that we fall victim to the tyrannical rule of the physical laws of the universe. We aren’t truly â€Å"free† to create our own actions in life. Albert Einstein offers a particularly apt synopsis, â€Å"Everything is determined, the beginning as well as the end, by forces over which we have no control. It is determined for the insect as well as the star. Human beings, vegetables, or cosmic dust, we all dance to a mysterious tune, intoned in the distance by an invisible piper. (Albert Einstein) The rule of physical law aside, which hinders us from truly being â€Å"free† to choose our own actions in life, is a much more simple scientific argument that dispels the notion of free will. For example: Say a 20 year old man murders another man in cold blood. They have no affiliation, no prior knowledge of who each other is, or reason to dislike each other. Man A walks up to random Man B and shoots and kills him. Was this action of Man A a result of â€Å"free will†? To examine the notion fully you need to look at his action coming from two sources. Either Man A was born with the moral flaw to allow himself to find killing another human acceptable, or that Man A was influenced during the course of his life by interactions and actions of others and came to that conclusion based on his own experience. There is no other explanation for Man A to willingly choose to open fire on Man B and kill him. If we look at the first option, Man A’s natural moral compass was skewed, allowing for him to conceive the notion that killing another is okay. This speaks to the determinant nature of our chemical makeup. Its possible his DNA made a mistake coding somewhere and he developed overtime and understood that killing another is â€Å"wrong† or maybe that his entire sense of â€Å"right from wrong† was skewed inside his mind. This would lead Man A to lead a life normally on the outside, and yet without regard for consequence, open fire on another man and kill him as easily as he could have held a door for him. This is the idea that he naturally had the capacity to kill, and that he could not control it. Eventually one of his animalistic impulses would finally stick and he’d be in the right place at the right time, and that it was only a matter of time until he killed someone. If you don’t subscribe to that theory and believe that he chose to kill Man B that day, try and consider that the results will still be pre-determined. If Man A killed Man B due to his choice, then his own â€Å"free will† and judgment that he finds reprehensible to kill another man can’t be attributed to truly â€Å"free† will of choice. Not every human kills others as part of their natural lifestyle, as they might kiss or mate with another. In fact a very small percentage of people in the world murder other humans, and this begs the question of why? What makes this small percentage of people â€Å"choose† to kill another person? The answer is that if they choose to do it, and they weren’t previously miswired so as said in the prior paragraph, then they must have been influenced by their surroundings. When Man A was six years old he didn’t choose to murder Man B, the events of his life led him to make this decision about whether or not murder was okay. This is yet another reason that he wasn’t truly free to choose; outside influence hinders the ability to choose freely. Whether he was abused, molested, lost a loved one, or just plain fed up with the monotony of everyday life in society, something pushed him over the edge. Something allowed for him to justify his actions; that something is outside influence. This deterministic train of thought explains why people do what they do, but not when. What makes us actually hit the point of no return, or when will the right opportunity hit the right mood leading the right action? (In our example the murder of Man B) The paradox between â€Å"free will† and â€Å"determinism† exists because of the influence of the different schools of thought. If one aligns his personal truth based on religious fervor, then an understanding of â€Å"free will† can exist logically and on the other hand if one bases his logic around science then â€Å"determinism† seems to be the only answer. So where does that leave philosophy, the great bridge between the two polarized schools of thought? It leaves philosophy somewhere in the middle, examining the validity of both sides of the argument, and helping to shed light on the debate over whether or not we truly are free to make a choice or if we are merely floating along the currents of the universe. Personally, I’m lost somewhere in the middle, hoping that the answer to this time-old question will be revealed.

Crazy Drivers Essay -- essays research papers

I do not know how many times I have been driving down the road when someone does something stupid, ranging from pulling out in front of me or tailgating. More and more drivers enter the road every year and it seems as if less and less of them know how to drive. As a teen I often get stereotyped as a bad driver but this is a very unfair judgment. The fact is I have helped prevent accidents the closest I have ever been to being in an accident was the fault of an older gentleman. Still the numbers do not lie teens have the most accidents of any age bracket. Why do teens have the highest accident rate? I believe it is because of inexperience not bad habits. Most teens have only been driving for a very short time, if at all, when they receive their license this leads to accidents. People get ...

An internal locus of control Essay

An internal locus of control is â€Å"the belief that one’s fate is determined by one’s own behavior. † While the external locus of control is â€Å"the belief that what happens is determined not by one’s own actions but by powerful others, luck, and external forces† (Kassin and Wrightsman 1988, 32). What this is saying is that the psychological process of defining the reasoning behind why someone is doing something is that there is either an internal or external locus of control that is determining the factors around the individual. According to the book on page 313 there are times when a judge can decide that a person who has a particular background, occupation or situation would not be a good juror for a trial. This is because their internal locus of control could sway their decision making ability based on what they know and what they have utilized in their profession. In one instance that was described in the book there were two jurors that were kept out of a trial based on their own internal locus of control. One of these jurors was a scientist while the other worked in credit management. Based on the case it was considered that these two potential jurors might not be able to look at the situation completely unbiased and therefore these two jurors were let go from the jury. This is one example on how an internal locus of control can affect someone who is a potential juror (Greene, Heilbrun, Fortune, and Nietzel 2006). A way that the external locus of control can affect someone who is a juror is a bit different. What this means is that someone is being influenced by outside influences which would make them biased in some way to the decision making process. According to the book on page 303 there is a discussion about the interviewing that occurred in the O. J. Simpson trial when looking for jurors. The overwhelming conclusion was that there was a prevalence for African American women to think that some forms of abuse were okay in relationships and this is an external influence to their overall opinions of things. Therefore this influence could influence how the jurors felt about the abuse that O. J. ’s wife had suffered from and therefore they might have a bias (Greene, Heilbrun, Fortune, and Nietzel 2006). Provide an opinion on whether jurors are able to disregard inadmissible evidence using theories discussed in the text, why or why not? According to the book on pages 338-340 there are a number of ways that a juror can look into disregarding evidence that has been determined to be inadmissible. Whether or not this is really possible is a different story. The text describes some different ways that the evidence can be disregarded. These include the reactance theory which is if instructed to disregard certain information the overall decision making ability of the juror could be compromised. Through this theory it is common that someone would use some type of thought suppression to block the material from their thoughts. It is thought that even though this material has been marked as inadmissible that it could possibly still influence the jury’s overall decision (Greene, Heilbrun, Fortune, and Nietzel 2006). In my opinion it could be possible for a juror to disregard inadmissible information however it would be very difficult and it might cause problems for the individual as well. It would be difficult to forget something that was mentioned if it was something that would strongly influence one’s decision however if it was material that was not a big deal then it would not be likely that this would have much influence. In one study that was conducted jurors who were given proacquittal inadmissible information were less likely to convict than those who were given proconviction inadmissible information (Thompson, Fong, and Rosenhan 1981).

Tuskegee Syphilis Study

Clinton Kopas Susan Gabriel English 102 December 1, 2011 The Goal of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study Research studies are constantly being conducted in order to improve certain aspects of human life and knowledge. In many cases, these research studies involve human test subjects. One of the more famous studies involving human test subjects was the Tuskegee Syphilis Study that began in 1932. Most have heard of this study, few would ever claim that any good came of it.What had originally been a research study aimed at improving knowledge dealing with syphilis in the black male, turned into an extremely long and detrimental study that damaged hundreds of lives. Considering the damage that was done to the subjects and their families, it is easy to wonder if this study actually provided any real advances in medicine or medical knowledge. The origin of the study had good motives, being that it was to promote the health of blacks in the South. The U. S. Public Health Service collaborated with t he Julius Rosenwald Fund to conduct demonstration programs to control syphilis in southern counties.This failed due to funding issues, and the project had to be scrapped. However, the PHS was anxious â€Å"to salvage something of value from the project† (Thomas). So in 1932, a group of doctors recruited a total of 399 syphilis infected black men from Macon County, Alabama to participate in a study concerning the study of â€Å"bad blood†. The organizers took their initial idea and converted â€Å"the original treatment program into a nontherapeutic human experiment aimed at compiling data on the progression of the disease on untreated African-American males† (Herried; Fourtner; Fourtner).This study became formally known as the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male (Herried; Fourtner; Fourtner; Thomas). The formal name that was applied to this study may imply the true motives of the researchers behind it. The study was not necessarily meant to fi nd major breakthroughs in medicine, but to simply study the effects of untreated syphilis. The researchers attempted to justify what they were doing by saying it was going to be for a greater good, and that these men got more treatment than they would have gotten otherwise.This may be true in a sense, but the men in the study were still intentionally withheld from treatment once penicillin was known to cure syphilis. By 1948, penicillin was known to be the most and best effective cure for syphilis. The study went on for 22 more years even though a cure had been found. There is no point in attempting to learn anything more about an infection when a cure has been found. The only treatment that the infected men received was treatment involving arsenicals and heavy metals.This type of treatment was not nearly as effective and researchers knew it would not cure the men entirely, just keep them from being infectious (Reverby). It might not be going too far to even say that the researchers were conducting this experiment on the basis of pure curiosity. After all, there could not be much advancement made just studying the effects of syphilis in blacks compared to whites. Much about syphilis had already been known prior to the beginning of the Tuskegee Study. German scientists had already discovered most of what there is to know about syphilis over 20 years before the Tuskegee experiments had begun. The cause of syphilis, the stages of the diseases development, and the complications . . . . were all known to medical science in the early 1900’s† (Herried; Fourtner; Fourtner). It has been stated by many journalists and even some that were involved in the experiment, that nothing was gained from this long and drawn out experiment. All signs begin to point that it truly was an experiment based solely on curiosity. The black men that participated in the study were poor sharecroppers that would do and believe anything that the doctor told them. Most of these men had never even seen a doctor before in their lives.These men were promised free medical care for their bad blood, and drawn in by signs that claimed â€Å"last chance for treatment†. The doctors and scientists conducting the research had church leaders and other respected members of the community help to enlist people to participate in the study. The researchers even enlisted the help of a black nurse and admired her ability to help them gain the trust of the participants. If the researchers needed to lie to a group of people in order to conduct their experiment, these men would have been some of these easiest to fool (Infoplease; Thomas).The researchers that were involved in the Tuskegee Study are said to have been fairly liberal for the time and open to the education of blacks. However it seems that there was some sort of racist mind set involved in this scheme. The researchers seem to have had no regard to other human life and treated the men like lab rats. The researcher s even made sure that their goal would not be interrupted by others. They went to great lengths to make sure all medical professionals in the area participated in the study and gave orders not to give treatment to the men.The black men were even excluded from the draft during WWII to keep their research from being interrupted (Herried; Fourtner; Fourtner; Thomas) As the years went by, the study did not become less organized and forgotten. There were meetings held and new people were added to the project. The experiment was constantly reviewed throughout the years as the focus changed. Ethical issues were not brought up until halfway through the 1960’s, over 30 years after the experiment had begun. During the 1950’s, the focus turned to the aging of syphilis and the negative impact it had on the body.It was quite clear that syphilis caused great damage over time and would shorten the life span of the host. Even at this point in the study, when so many men had passed awa y and others had gone unaccounted for, the study continued. The researchers believed that the study had gone on for so long that the men were untreatable anyways, even with use of penicillin (Herried; Fourtner; Fourtner). To continue a research study like this and deny men treatment just on the basis of curiosity seems too unethical to be true. But all signs point to this especially when considering another research study that took place during the same time period.From 1946 to 1948, the American government performed research in Guatemala that involved intentionally infecting Guatemalan subjects with syphilis. The idea was to test the effectiveness of penicillin on different stages of syphilis. A very interesting detail is that a man by the name of Dr. John C. Cutler was involved not only in the Guatemalan study, but the Tuskegee study as well. It is strange that although Dr. Cutler was involved in both experiments, he did not choose to test the effectiveness of penicillin on the me n who were already infected with syphilis in the Tuskegee Study.Instead, he and his colleagues chose to allow syphilis infected prostitutes to sleep with Guatemalan prisoners. This truly shows the ethical value that the researchers held and what their true motives were (Villaroasa). Dr. Cutler and the other men involved in the Tuskegee research had no interest in any kind of advancement with the prevention of syphilis. A kind of bureaucracy was formed that helped fuel this unethical study. Men who were involved in the Tuskegee study would be promoted to surgeon general of the U. S. Public Health Service. Dr.Cutler even obtained the position of assistant surgeon general in the PHS. Dr. Cutler defended the integrity of the study up until his death (Thomas; Villarosa) It is hard to imagine that an idea that began with such good intentions could have turned into the catastrophe that was the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. The men who conducted this study seemed to have been fueled by a strange curiosity that they masked with the idea of medical advancement. It is clear that the researchers did not view people with darker skin colors as equal, as they treated them like lab animals.It is evident and even admitted by some involved in the study that there were no advances in medicine because of the study. The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male only came to a close because of a national press release in 1972. By this time, over 370 men that had been used for research were either dead or believed to be dead. If the researchers had any true notion to help them, that number would have been much smaller. Not only had this study affected the men directly involved in it; it affected the men’s wives and their children as well.There is no questioning the goal of the experiment being to see what would happen to someone if syphilis was left untreated. The doctors could have only continued this experiment based off of some strange curiosity. It is possible tha t some of them may have believed what they were doing was for the better, but that is hard to imagine. Nothing was gained from the experiments in the Tuskegee Study. The only possible advancement would be the understanding of ethics for future research. Works Cited Fourtner, A. W. , C. R. Fourtner, and C. F. Herreid. â€Å"†Bad Blood†: A Case Study of the Tuskegee Syphilis Project. Philosophy. tamucc. edu. Texas A&M University. Web. 15 Nov. 2011. Reverby, Susan M. â€Å"Listening to Narratives from the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. † Lancet 377. 977B (2011): 1646-647. TheLancet. com – Home Page. Web. 28 Nov. 2011. Thomas, Stephen B. â€Å"The Legacy of Tuskegee. † Thebody. com. HealthCentral Network, Jan. -Feb. 2000. Web. 15 Nov. 2011. â€Å"The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment. † Infoplease. com. Pearson Education, 2007. Web. 15 Nov. 2011. Villarosa, Linda. â€Å"The Guatemala Syphilis Experiment's Tuskegee Roots. † Theroot. com. The Slate Gro up, 02 Oct. 2010. Web. 28 Nov. 2011.